1. Introduction to NLP
Chilly_Rain
posted @ 2014年3月08日 16:13
in Coursera_NLP
with tags
NLP
, 1192 阅读
之前在Coursera上找到了一门NLP的课，也跟过一段时间，但是没跟完。。。本来想再开课时再跟一次，但是从网站上看貌似是短期内不会重开了，好在教学视频都在，只好自学一下了，顺便把笔记记在这里。
第一周的课分成了三个部分，这里是第一部分，对NLP的简单介绍，由于不涉及具体的NLP算法，所以我也只是简单带过了。
什么是自然语言处理
- NLU：自然语言理解，把languge作为computer的输入，让后者理解输入的是啥；
- NLG：自然语言生成，把language作为computer的输出，即让后者生成自然语言；个人感觉这应该是在NLU的基础上才能做的。
具体应用的举例
- 机器翻译：理解源语言，生成目标语言，这个应该是NLU＋NLG。
- 信息抽取：从一段非结构化的自然语言的文本中抽取出关键信息，如这段话描述的时间，位置，事件等结构化信息（这些结构后信息通常存于db中），换句话说就是想把一段文本对应到一条数据库记录上。应该场景可以是复杂的search query或者statistical query。
- 摘要：同样也是NLU＋NLG。需要先理解这段文本的意思，然后进行压缩，输出摘要内容。
- 对话系统：接受自然语言的问题，理解之，再做出回答，也是NLU＋NLG。
基础的NLP问题：这些问题是解决上面具体应用的基石
- Tagging：标注问题，把一段文本做为输入，为每个单位打上一个标记，输出对应的标记序列。包括POS Tagging（词性标注），Named Entity Recognition（命名实体识别）。
- Parseing：解析问题，以一句话做为输入，辨识出它的语法结构，输出是一棵语法树。这两个问题后面都有章节具体地讲。
为什么NLP是个难题
一句话可能有各种层次上的歧义，包括acoustic level（like your vs lie cured），syntactic level（不同的语法树，从而造成不同的意义），semantic level（一词多义）, discourse level（指代不明）。
课程包含的内容
- NLP问题：POS tagging，parsing，词义消歧
- 机器学习技术：PCFG，HMM，EM，log-linear model，estimation/smoothing techniques
- 应用：信息抽取，机器翻译等
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