[PGM] Section 1. Introduction

Chilly_Rain posted @ 2013年6月16日 16:41 in Coursera_PGM , 1054 阅读

注:Coursera的PGM是我在2012后半年跟的网上课程,当时课时很赶,天天在赶作业,没有做太详细的总结,学完之后觉得还是挺有信息量的,所以打算现在再复习一遍,顺便把知识总结一下。

Motivation and Overview

概率图模型英文全称为Probabilistic Graphical Model,先解释一下各自的含义,概念比较虚可以结合后面的具体内容来理解。

  • Model: 即Declarative Representation,或者说一个框架结构。这个结构可从给定的训练数据中学习得到或者通过专家设计。框架中一般有若干个参数,使用不同的算法来做训练training(with and without complete data)可以得到模型参数的取值,而在此之后就可以用这个带有参数的模型做对其它样本点来做推演inference(可以是exact,也可以是approximate)。
  • Probablistic:用于表示数据中的不确定性,例如不完整的样本,噪声以及无法被Model识别出来的知识等。概率论提供了表达不确定性的工具,例如多元变量的联合概率分布等。
  • Graphical: 利用图像的形式表达随机变量之间的依赖关系,例如贝叶斯网络(有向图)或者马尔科夫网络(无向图),temporal,plate models。变量之间的这种依赖关系也可以看作一种约赖,从而可以大大降低Model中独立参数的数量。

Preliminaries: Distributions

一些简单的概念

  • 联合概率分布:最简单地可以表示成表格的形式;多个变量之间可能存在的独立性
  • 条件概率分布:对联合概率分布表格的reduction and normalization
  • 边缘概率分布:通过求和消除掉某些随机变量

Preliminaries: Factors

因子\( \phi(X_1, ..., X_k) \)定义为一个函数 \( Val(X_1, X_k) -> R\),而这个因子的域scope为\( \{X_1, ..., X_k\} \)。

概率分布都可以看作是特殊的因子,而因子概念本身则更加一般,因为它不需要遵守sum-to-one规则。因子可以看作是构建和操控概率分布的基础。

因子的操作

  • Factor Product: \( \phi(A,B,C) = \phi_1(A,B)*\phi_2(B,C) \)
  • Factor Marginalization: \( \sum_C \phi(A,B,C) \)
  • Factor Reduction: eliminate some table rows, leave the rest (unnormalized)
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